Background: The Lateral epicondyle fracture in children is a rare condition and only few cases have been reported in the literature. The isolated fracture without concomitant fracture/dislocation is even more uncommon, with unclear outcome and treatment approach. Case Report: We present a case of an 11-year-old boy with restricted right elbow range of motion (ROM) after falling. The radiograph and computed tomography (CT) scan showed a displaced Lateral epicondyle fracture without accompanying fracture or dislocation. Due to the stability of the joint and patient’ s compliance, a closed reduction with Kirschner wires (K-wires) was selected for treatment. Follow-up results were satisfactory and showed no complications. Conclusion: Closed reduction of dislocated Lateral epicondyle fracture in children can result in acceptable outcomes.

Background: Enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis origin [eECRB] is a common idiopathic, noninflammatory disease of middle age that is characterized by excess glycosaminoglycan production and frequently associated with radiographic calcification of its origin. The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship of calcification of the ECRB and advancing age. Methods: We included 28, 563 patients who received an elbow radiograph and assessed the relationship of calcifications of the ECRB identified on radiograph reports with patient age, sex, race, affected side, and ordering indication using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Calcifications of the ECRB were independently associated with age (OR: 1. 04; P<0. 001); radiographs ordered for atraumatic pain (OR2. 6; P<0. 001) or Lateral epicondylitis (OR5. 5; P<0. 001); and Hispanic ethnicity (OR1. 5; P<0. 001) and less likely to be found at the left side (OR0. 68; P<0. 001). Similarly, incidental calcifications of the ECRB, those on radiographs not ordered for atraumatic pain or Lateral epicondylitis, were independently associated with age (OR1. 03; P<0. 001) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR1. 5; P<0. 024) and less likely to be found on the left side (OR0. 71; P<0. 001). Conclusion: We observed that about nine percent of people have ECRB calcification by the time they are in their sixth decade of life and calcifications persist in the absence of symptoms which supports the idea that eECRB is a common, self-limited diagnosis of middle age.

Background: Femoral bone fractures are one of the most important bone fractures particulary following trauma. Femur length measurements and insertion of properly sized intramedullary nail is among the major concerns of orthopedic surgeons. Nowadays the length of the femoral nail is calculated by measuring the trochanteric length of the femur to the upper patellar pole or Lateral epicondyle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the length of the greater trochanter to the Lateral femoral epicondyle and the distance between the olecranon tip and the 5 th fingertip. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 380 outpatients (17 to 65 years old) in Kashani and Alzahra hospitals in Isfahan. The length of the olecranon tip to 5 th fingertip and the length of the greater trochanter to the Lateral femoral epicondyle were measured while overall the groups were gonna evaluated in terms of age, gender and body mass. T-test was used to analyze the research data for any statistical significance. Findings: Examination of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the mean length of the greater trochanter to the Lateral epicondyle of the femur and the length of the olecranon to 5 th fingertip. When the mean difference between the two lengths was examined separately in terms of sex and age and body mass index, similar results were obtained and no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the mean length of the greater trochanter to the Lateral epicondyle of the femur and the length of the olecranon to 5 th fingertip. There was no significant difference between the two measured lengths in different age, sex and weight groups.

AIMS: Pain on Lateral epicondyle and reduce of grip strength are the most common problems of Lateral epicondylitis. One of the treating techniques for this disorder is taping. Aim of this study is to investigate the initial effect of taping technique on pain and grip strength of military patients with tennis elbow syndrome. METHODS: This study is Quasi-experimental and done on 25 patients (16 subjects in treatment group and 9 subjects in control group). Visual analog scale (VAS) used for assessment of pain and jammar dynamometer for measuring the grip strength. Subjects were selected randomly and data analyzed by SPSS. RESULTS: Mean of age was 23.6 years in treatment group and 24.1 in control group. In assessment of pain, average difference between two groups (P=0.004) was significant. But in studying the effect of taping technique on grip strength, average difference between two groups (P=0.09) was not significant.CONCLUSION: Taping technique is effective for patients with Lateral epicondylitis and reduces pain in Lateral epicondyle but is not effective in initial improvement of grip strength. So, we could use this method for initial pain reducing of Lateral epicondyle in rehabilitation clinics.

Although medial epicondyle fractures are responsible for 12% of pediatric elbow fractures, they rarely occur concurrently with a capitellar fracture, and the treatment approach and indications are controversial. According to the case report (CARE) guidelines, here we present a case of the medial epicondyle and capitellar fractures with elbow dislocation in a 4-year-old girl who underwent K-wire fixation and splint application. After four months of follow-up, the patient showed good results and a full range of motion. Open reduction and internal fixation may be reasonable options for medial epicondyle and concomitant capitellar fractures using the medial and Lateral approaches. We suggest using K-wires, especially in the pediatric population.

Purpose: To report a case of Joubert’ s syndrome with alternating skew deviation and Lateral skew deviation. Case report: A 18-year-old girl was referred with the chief complaint of abnormal eye movements since infancy. Some degree of oculomotor apraxia was revealed as the girl had difficulties in initiating horizontal saccades and subsequent head thrust. Periodic alternating vertical misalignment of eyes was also evident, known as alternating skew deviation. After 3 to 5 seconds, the vertical divergence of the eyes reversed direction. Gaze to either side also resulted in hypertropia of abducting eye, known as Lateral skew deviation. MRI demonstrated hypoplasia of superior cerebellar vermis along molar tooth signs associated with Joubert syndrome. Conclusion: This report shows that alternating skew deviation and Lateral skew deviation can be manifestations of Joubert’ s syndrome.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important microorganisms that can colonize the human body and cause various types of human diseases by secreting virulence factors. The Lateral flow assay (LFA) is one of the well-known commercial immunoassay methods that provides a high sensitive and rapid approach to monitoring infectious agents in blood, serum and urine. LFA has been considered as an ideal immunochromatographic test. Methods: Anti Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) antibodies were conjugated to 20 nm colloidal gold nanoparticles and were applied in assembled Lateral flow layer. Suitable reagents were prepared and used in silver enhancement method. We designed a single immunochromatographic test strip to detect SEB. Results: In this study, the smallest amount of SEB identified using sandwich LFA method was 10 ng/mL. We also established a "silver enhanced method". Silver could improve the sensitivity detection of the test 100-fold greater than the previously mentioned sandwich LFA. Conclusion: Regarding the high sensitivity of the new method for detection and measurement of SEB (0. 1 ng/mL), this strip test offers great promise for a rapid technique instead of the other diagnostic SEB tests in laboratories for the first time.

Purpose: To compare the results of Lateral rectus resection and medial rectus rerecession on the patients with residual esotropia at Emam Hossein Medical Center, since2004 to 2005. Patients &Methods: This double blind controlled clinical trial study was performed on 25 patients with residual esotropia by consecutive selection. After signing of consent form by the patients or their parents, cyclorefraction, best corrected visual acuity, deviation, near point of convergence, medial rectus function were measured by our orthoptist. On table of operation, if FDT was positive, MR ReRec. and if it was negative, both methods were done by random selection. 12 patients were operated with rerecession of medial rectus (cases) and 13 patients were operated with Lateral rectus resection (controls). Patients were re-examined-after 1.5 months follow up by the same orthoptist who did not know the type of operation. The results were analysed by T, Fisher exact and X2 tests. Results: 15 (60%) of patients were female and 10 (40%) were male. The patients were matched as their spherical equivalent; best corrected visual acuity, degree of deviation and near point of convergence. The success rate of the case and control groups were 67% and 54% respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant. Each millimeter of MR ReRec. has corrected 7.5 pd and each millimeter of LR Res. Has corrected 2.5 pd of residual esotropia. Medial rectus mild underaction were seen in 50% of cases, but only 17.5% of them showed increased near point of convergence. There were no muscle slippage or lost, exotropia and scleral perforation. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, Lateral rectus resection can be substituted with medial rectus rerecession in special situations. Medial rectus underaction was relatively mild and would not produce cosmetic problem.